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We are
primarily a higher end consignment
store dealing in
furniture, accessories, artwork, home decor, or just
anything for your home. Any questions about
consignment or inventory please call! |
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Thomasville Furniture,
Ethan Allen,
Henredon Furniture,
Drexel Furniture, and
John Widdicomb to mention a few brand furniture
names. |
A chair is a kind of furniture for
sitting, consisting of a back, and sometimes arm
rests, commonly for use by one person. Chairs also
often have four legs to support the seat raised above
the floor. Without back and arm rests it is called a
stool. A chair for more than one person is a couch,
sofa, settee, loveseat, recliner or bench. A separate
footrest for a chair is known as an ottoman, hassock
or pouffe. A chair mounted in a vehicle or in a
theater is simply called a seat. Chairs as furniture
typically can be moved.
The back often does not extend all the way to the seat
to allow for ventilation. Likewise, the back and
sometimes the seat are made of porous materials or
have holes drilled in them for decoration and
ventilation.
The back may extend above the height of the head.
There may be separate headrests. Headrests for seats
in vehicles are important for preventing whiplash
injuries to the neck when the vehicle is involved in a
rear-end collision.
Contents
History of the chair
Main article:
History of the chair
The chair is of extreme antiquity. Although for many
centuries and indeed for thousands of years it was an
article of state and dignity rather than an article of
ordinary use. "The chair" is still extensively used as
the emblem of authority in the House of Commons in the
United Kingdom and Canada, and in public meetings. It
was not, in fact, until the 16th century that it
became common anywhere. The chest, the bench and the
stool were until then the ordinary seats of everyday
life, and the number of chairs which have survived
from an earlier date is exceedingly limited; most of
such examples are of ecclesiastical or seigneurial
origin. Our knowledge of the chairs of remote
antiquity is derived almost entirely from monuments,
sculpture and paintings. A few actual examples exist
in the British Museum, in the Egyptian Museum at
Cairo, and elsewhere.
In ancient Egypt chairs appear to have been of great
richness and splendor[citation needed]. Fashioned of
ebony and ivory, or of carved and gilded wood, they
were covered with costly materials, magnificent
patterns and supported upon representations of the
legs of beasts or the figures of captives. The
earliest known form of Greek chair, going back to five
or six centuries BCE, had a back but stood straight
up, front and back. During Tang dynasty (618 - 907
AD), a higher seat first started to appear amongst the
Chinese elite and their usage soon spread to all
levels of society. By the 12th century seating on the
floor was rare in China, unlike in other Asian
countries where the custom continued, and the chair,
or more commonly the stool, was used in the vast
majority of houses throughout the country.
In Europe, it was owing in great measure to the
Renaissance that the chair ceased to be a privilege of
state, and became a standard item of furniture whoever
could afford to buy it. Once the idea of privilege
faded the chair speedily came into general use. We
find almost at once that the chair began to change
every few years to reflect the fashions of the hour.
The 20th century saw an increasing use of technology
in chair construction with such things as all-metal
folding chairs, metal-legged chairs, the Slumber
Chair, moulded plastic chairs and ergonomic chairs.
The recliner became a popular form, at least in part
due to radio and television, and later a two-part. The
modern movement of the 1960s produced new forms of
chairs: the butterfly chair, bean bags, and the
egg-shaped pod chair. Technological advances led to
molded plywood and wood laminate chairs, as well as
chairs made of leather or polymers. Mechanical
technology incorporated into the chair enabled
adjustable chairs, especially for office use. Motors
embedded in the chair resulted in massage chairs.
Design and ergonomics
Chair design considers intended usage, ergonomics (how
comfortable it is for the occupant), as well as
non-ergonomic functional requirements such as size,
stack ability, fold ability, weight, durability, stain
resistance and artistic design. Intended usage
determines the desired seating position. "Task
chairs", or any chair intended for people to work at a
desk or table, including dining chairs, can only
recline very slightly; otherwise the occupant is too
far away from the desk or table. Dental chairs are
necessarily reclined. Easy chairs for watching
television or movies are somewhere in between
depending on the height of the screen.
Ergonomic design distributes the weight of the
occupant to various parts of the body. A seat that is
higher results in dangling feet and increased pressure
on the underside of the knees ("popliteal fold"). It
may also result in no weight on the feet which means
more weight elsewhere. A lower seat may shift too much
weight to the "seat bones" ("ischial tuberosities").
A reclining seat and back will shift weight to the
occupant's back. This may be more comfortable for some
in reducing weight on the seat area, but may be
problematic for others who have bad backs. In general,
if the occupant is suppose to sit for a long time,
weight needs to be taken off the seat area and thus
"easy" chairs intended for long periods of sitting are
generally at least slightly reclined. However,
reclining may not be suitable for chairs intended for
work or eating at table.
The back of the chair will support some of the weight
of the occupant, reducing the weight on other parts of
the body. In general, backrests come in three heights:
Lower back backrests support only the lumbar region.
Shoulder height backrests support the entire back and
shoulders. Headrests support the head as well and are
important in vehicles for preventing "whiplash" neck
injuries in rear-end collisions where the head is
jerked back suddenly. Reclining chairs typically have
at least shoulder height backrests to shift weight to
the shoulders instead of just the lower back.
Some chairs have foot rests. A stool or other simple
chair may have a simple straight or curved bar near
the bottom for the sitter to place his/her feet on.
A kneeling chair adds an additional body part, the
knees, to support the weight of the body. A sit-stand
chair distributes most of the weight of the occupant
to the feet. Many chairs are padded or have cushions.
Padding can be on the seat of the chair only, on the
seat and back, or also on any arm rests and/or foot
rest the chair may have. Padding will not shift the
weight to different parts of the body (unless the
chair is so soft that the shape is altered). However,
padding does distribute the weight by increasing the
area of contact between the chair and the body. A hard
wood chair feels hard because the contact point
between the occupant and the chair is small. The same
body weight over a smaller area means greater pressure
on that area. Spreading the area reduces the pressure
at any given point. In lieu of padding, flexible
materials, such as wicker, may be used instead with
similar effects of distributing the weight. Since most
of the body weight is supported in the back of the
seat, padding there should be firmer than the front of
the seat which only has the weight of the legs to
support. Chairs that have padding that is the same
density front and back will feel soft in the back area
and hard to the underside of the knees.
There may be cases where padding is not desirable. For
example, in chairs that are intended primarily for
outdoor use. Where padding is not desirable,
contouring may be used instead. A contoured seat pan
attempts to distribute weight without padding. By
matching the shape of the occupant's buttocks, weight
is distributed and maximum pressure is reduced.
Actual chair dimensions are determined by measurements
of the human body or anthropometric measurements. The
two most relevant anthropometric measurement for chair
design is the popliteal height and buttock popliteal
length.
For someone seated, the popliteal height is the
distance from the underside of the foot to the
underside of the thigh at the knees. It is sometimes
called the "stool height." The term "sitting height"
is reserved for the height to the top of the head when
seated. For American men, the median popliteal height
is 16.3 inches and for American women it is 15.0
inches[1]. The popliteal height, after adjusting for
heels, clothing and other issues is used to determine
the height of the chair seat. Mass produced chairs are
typically 17 inches high.
For someone seated, the buttock popliteal length is
the horizontal distance from the back most part of the
buttocks to the back of the lower leg. This
anthropometric measurement is used to determine the
seat depth. Mass produced chairs are typically 38-43
cm deep.
Additional anthropometric measurements may be relevant
to designing a chair. Hip breadth is used for chair
width and armrest width. Elbow rest height is used to
determine the height of the armrests. The buttock-knee
length is used to determine "leg room" between rows of
chairs. "Seat pitch" is the distance between rows of
seats. In some airplanes and stadiums the leg room
(the seat pitch less the thickness of the seat at
thigh level) is so small that it is sometimes
insufficient for the average person.
For adjustable chairs, such as an office chair, the
aforementioned principles are applied in adjusting the
chair to the individual occupant.
Armrests
A chair may or may not have armrests; chairs with
armrests are termed armchairs. In French, a
distinction is made between fauteuil and chaise, the
terms for chairs with and without armrests,
respectively. If present, armrests will support part
of the body weight through the arms if the arms are
resting on the armrests. Armrests further have the
function of making entry and exit from the chair
easier (but from the side it becomes more difficult).
Armrests should support the forearm and not the
sensitive elbow area. Hence in some chair designs, the
armrest is not continuous to the chair back, but is
missing in the elbow area.
A couch, bench, or other arrangement of seats next to
each other may have arm rest at the sides and/or arm
rests in between. The latter may be provided for
comfort, but also for privacy e.g. in public transport
and other public places, and to prevent lying on the
bench. Arm rests reduce both desired and undesired
proximity. A loveseat in particular, has no arm rest
in between.
See also seats in movie theaters, and pictures of
benches with and without arm rests.
Chair seats
Chair seats vary widely in construction and may or may
not match construction of the chair's back (backrest).
Some systems include:
* Solid center seats where a solid material forms the
chair seat.
o Solid wood, may or may not be shaped to human
contours.
o Wood slats, often seen on outdoor chairs
o Padded leather, generally a flat wood base covered
in padding and contained in soft leather
o Stuffed fabric, similar to padded leather
o Metal seats of solid or open design
o Molded plastic
o Stone, often marble
* Open center seats where a soft material is attached
to the tops of chair legs or between stretchers to
form the seat.
o Wicker, woven to provide a surface with give to it
o Leather, may be tooled with a design
o Fabric, simple covering without support
o Tape, wide fabric tape woven into seat, seen in lawn
chairs and some old chairs
o Caning, woven from rush, reed, rawhide, heavy paper,
strong grasses, cattails to form the seat, often in
elaborate patterns
o Splint, ash, oak or hickory strips are woven
o Metal, Metal mesh or wire woven to form seat
Standards and specifications
Design considerations for chairs have been codified
into standards. ISO 9241, "Ergonomic requirements for
office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) --
Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements"
is the most common one for modern chair design.
There are multiple specific standards for different
types of chairs. Dental chairs are specified by ISO
6875. Bean bag chairs are specified by ANSI standard
ASTM F1912-98[2]. ISO 7174 specifies stability of
rocking and tilting chairs. ASTM F1858-98 specifies
plastic lawn chairs. ASTM E1822-02b defines the
combustibility of chairs when they are stacked.
The Business and Institutional Furniture
Manufacturer's Association (BIFMA)[3] defines BIFMA
X5.1 for testing of commercial-grade chairs. It
specifies things like[4]:
* chair back strength of 150 pounds (68 kg)
* chair stability if weight is transferred completely
to the front or back legs
* leg strength of 75 pounds (34 kg) applied one inch
(25 mm) from the bottom of the leg
* seat strength of 225 pounds (102 kg) dropped from
six inches (150 mm) above the seat
* seat cycle strength of 100,000 repetitions of 125
pounds (57 kg) dropped from 2 inches (50 mm) above the
seat
The specification further defines heavier "proof"
loads that chairs must withstand. Under these higher
loads, the chair may be damaged, but it must not fail
catastrophically.
Large institutions that make bulk purchases will
reference these standards within their own even more
detailed criteria for purchase. [5] Governments will
often issue standards for purchases by government
agencies (e.g. Canada's Canadian General Standards
Board CAN/CGSB 44.15M [6] on "Straight Stacking Chair,
Steel" or CAN/CGSB 44.232-2002 on "Task Chairs for
Office Work with Visual Display Terminal").
Accessories
In place of a built-in footrest, some chairs come with
a matching ottoman. An ottoman is a short stool
intended to be used as a footrest but can sometimes be
used as a stool. If matched to a glider, the ottoman
may be mounted on swing arms so that the ottoman rocks
back and forth with the main glider.
A chair cover is a temporary fabric cover for a side
chair. They are typically rented for formal events
such as wedding receptions to increase the
attractiveness of the chairs and decor. The chair
covers may come with decorative chair ties, a ribbon
to be tied as a bow behind the chair. Covers for sofas
and couches are also available for homes with small
children and pets. In the second half of 20th century,
some people used custom clear plastic covers for
expensive sofas and chairs to protect them.
Chair pads are cushions for chairs. Some are
decorative. In cars, they may be used to increase the
height of the driver. Orthopedic backrests provide
support for the back. Some manufacturers have patents
on their designs and are recognized by medical
associations as beneficial[7][8][9]. Car seats
sometimes have built-in and adjustable lumbar
supports.
Chair mats are plastic mats meant to cover carpet.
This allows chairs on wheels to roll easily over the
carpet and it protects the carpet. They come in
various shapes, some specifically sized to fit
partially under a desk.
Remote control bags can be draped over the arm of easy
chairs or sofas and used to hold remote controls. They
are counter-weighted so as to not slide off the arms
under the weight of the remote control.
English phrases relating to chairs
* A film or a story is said to keep you on the edge of
your seat, if it is suspenseful or engaging.
* If you nearly fell off your chair, it was because
you were very surprised.
* Activities that are likely to be made insignificant
or undone by some future event are said to be like
rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.
* When English-speaking philosophers talk about the
material world as opposed to ideas, their phrase is
tables and chairs.
* An orchestra awards a musician a chair or seat based
on ability. The best player will receive "first
chair", or the "principal seat". However, it is also
common for this position to be known as 'first stand',
a refernce to the portable lectern on which the
musicians put their sheet music.
* Musical chairs is a common party game, and a
colloquial expression to describe people shuffling
from seat to seat, or around different locations.
* In American slang, to say someone has gotten "the
chair" is to say that they have been executed by an
electric chair.
* One who is extremely anxious is 'as nervous as a
long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs'. |
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